Understanding Expressive Roles and Task Roles

Expressive roles and task roles, also known as instrumental roles, describe two ways of participating in social relationships. People in expressive roles tend to pay attention to how everyone is getting along, managing conflict, soothing hurt feelings, encouraging good humor, and take care of things that contribute to one’s feelings within the social group. People in task roles, on the other hand, pay more attention to achieving whatever goals are important to the social group, like earning money to provide resources for survival, for example. Sociologists believe that both roles are required for small social groups to function properly  and that each provides a form of leadership: functional and social. Parsonss Domestic Division of Labor How sociologists understand expressive roles and task roles today is rooted in Talcott Parsons development of them as concepts within his formulation of the domestic division of labor. Parsons was a mid-century American sociologist, and his theory of the domestic division of labor reflects gender role biases that proliferated at that time and that are often considered traditional, though theres scant factual evidence to back up this assumption. Parsons is known for popularizing the structural functionalist perspective within sociology, and his description of expressive and task roles fits within that framework. In his view, assuming heteronormative and patriarchally organized nuclear family unit, Parsons framed the man/husband as fulfilling  the instrumental role by working outside the home to provide the money required to support the family. The father, in this sense, is instrumental or task-oriented --he accomplishes a specific task (earning money) that is required for the family unit to function. In this model, the woman/wife plays a complementary expressive role by serving as the caregiver for the family. In this role, she is responsible for the primary socialization of the children  and provides morale and cohesion for the group through emotional support and social instruction. A Broader Understanding and Application Parsons conceptualization of expressive and task roles was limited by stereotypical ideas about gender, heterosexual relationships, and unrealistic expectations for family organization and structure, however, freed of these ideological constraints, these concepts have value and are usefully applied to understanding social groups today. If you think about your own life and relationships, you can probably see that some people clearly embrace the expectations of either expressive or task roles, while others might do both. You might even notice that you and others around you seem to move between these different roles depending on where they are, what they are doing, and who they are doing it with. People can be seen to be playing these roles in all small social groups, not just families. This can be observed within friend groups, households that are not composed of family members, sports teams or clubs, and even among colleagues in a workplace setting. Regardless of the setting, one will see people of all genders playing both roles at various times. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Globalization Is The Fight Against The Things We Don t...

â€Å"There may be times when we are powerless to prevent injustice, but there must never be a time when we fail to protest† Elie Wiesel once said about activism. Activism is the fight against the things we don’t like or want in our lives today or it could be something that we are fighting for that the government doesn’t think it is necessary. Activism brings out protests about political or social change that people want and are fighting for. Naomi Klein is a social activist who has wrote books to fight for what she believes in and discriminates what she thinks is bad for our country and in other countries as well. Klein wrote the books No Logo, Fences and Windows, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs The Climate, and The Shock Doctrine.†¦show more content†¦In Fences and Windows, Klein refers to the WTO, World Trade Organization, blocking South African attempts to manufacture patented AIDS drugs while allowing Canada to override a patent for anthrax a ntibiotic, despite the fact that â€Å"Canada still hasn’t had a single diagnosed case of anthrax† (Fences and Windows 82). This books, Fences and Windows, a metaphor is being used throughout the book with the words of the title, fences are â€Å"barriers erected by the multinational corporations, para-governmental institutions and superstrates to contain and separate people from what were previously public resources† and the windows are for us to open new opportunities for ourselves (Christie). By this, it helps the idea that â€Å"globalization reaches into every aspect of life, transforming every activity and natural resource† (Christie). In addition, Fences and Windows begin with Seattle and run through to the aftermath of 9/11 and â€Å"Klein’s portraits of street protests, repressive police tactics are the internal dilemmas of the movement are alternately humorous and horrifying, always engrossing and colorful† (Higgs). Klein writes: The security forces used the actions of a few rock-throwers†¦ to do what they had been trying to do from the start: clear the city of thousands of lawful protesters because it was more convenient that way. Once they got their ‘provocation’, they filled entire neighborhoods with tear gas†¦ People giving the peace sing to police were grassed.Show MoreRelatedGlobalization, Neo-Liberalism, and New Social Movements in Singapore1986 Words   |  8 Pages26, 2012 Political Science 160 SINGA-PURA (SINGAPORE) The world becomes more and more complex. Things have never been the same. Changes became rapid and impulsive that at some point, we are confused as to how to address these changes. 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Prevalence of Obesity in Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Prevalence of Obesity in Australia. Answer: Introduction Australia has been credited for having one of the most stable healthcare systems in the world. However, the country, just like any other nation, still faces a myriad of challenges in its healthcare system. For a very long time, the country has been battling different health issues such as obesity, HIV/AIDS, cancer, Tuberculosis (TB), diabetes, heart infections, and many others. These are diseases which have been identified to be the priority areas which should be properly addressed by using the most appropriate strategies. Obesity, being one of the national priority ailments, has been negatively impacting on the Australian society. However, the condition can still be addressed if appropriate interventions are taken. The purpose of this paper is to present a critical analysis of obesity as a major issue of concern in Australia. The Prevalence of Obesity in the Country Obesity, which simply refers to overweight, refers to a condition which results into an increment of an individuals body weight by at least 20% above the normal weight. Scientifically, obesity is equated to a total Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 and above. Meaning, the people who have a BMI of not less than 20 are considered to be obese (Di Cesare, et al., 2013). As a condition, obesity has been linked to an increase in the body fats. Meaning, the more fats accumulate in the body, the higher the chances of an individual contracting the disease. This is why obesity has been categorized as a lifestyle disease whose causes are linked to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits and physical inactivity (Razum Steinberg, 2017). It is therefore clear that obesity can be contracted if a person does not engage in physical activities or eat sugar-rich food products such as chips, chicken, burger, sausage, and many more. These food products can increase the accumulation of fat in the body. In terms of statistics, obesity has been categorized as one of the most serious public healthcare issues across the globe. The rates of obesity has been steadily increasing world over. According to the latest statistics, at least 200 million people are currently suffering from obesity across the world. In Australia, the rate of obesity infection has been rising in the recent past. According to information from the World Health Organization, in 2015 63.4% of Australian adults had obesity (Zhao, Vemuri Arya, 2016). This is a great increase because in 1995, the rate of obesity in the country stood at 56.3%. Meaning, according to this statistics, 2 out of 3 adult Australians are obese. Out of this number, 53.6% were overweight while 18% are categorized as obese because they have a MBI of 30. Australia also has a high rate of childhood obesity which affects its younger populations. Just like their adult counterparts, the young population is susceptible to obesity because of their obsessi on with junk foods and lack of engagement in physical exercises (Hankonen, et al., 2015). Obesity has been identified as an issue because it is actually one of the most challenging healthcare issues in the country today. In 2008, the Commonwealth Government of Australia elevated obesity to the levels of diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because it had been identified as a national health priority in the country. According to recent research, obesity has been affecting different categories of people in the country. It affects everyone including the adults, children, and immigrants, indigenous and non-indigenous communities (Johnson Kenny, 2010). However, in terms of prevalence, the condition has been established to be more prevalent amongst the immigrant and indigenous Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander people than the non-indigenous nationals. For example, amongst the indigenous community which of course has the highest rates of obesity in the country, the prevalence stood at 31% in 2001. Subsequent studies have also proven the same and confirmed that the indig enous communities are in a dire need of help. This is a clear proof hat obesity is a very serious issue in the country. The Interventions so far implemented to tackle Obesity The decision by the Commonwealth Government of Australia, in August 2008 to add obesity to the list of National Health Priorities marked an important stage in the fight against obesity. Since then, condition has been declared as a priority issue which must be addressed because if ignored, it can create an unhealthy population which is dangerous for the prosperity of the country (Caplan, 2013). Therefore, in order to address the problem of obesity, the government and other interested stakeholders have been adopting implementing certain interventions which have positively contributed towards the eradication of obesity as outlined herein: Regulation of the Food Industry The government has established that poor diet is one of the major causes of obesity. Children and adults have been becoming overweight because of poor eating habits which make them to use unhealthy food products like pizza, ice cream, hamburgers, soft drinks, sugary carbonated carbohydrates, candy, tacos, snacks, desserts, gums, and sweets (Mytton, Clarke Rayner, 2012). These foods are dangerous because they contain sugar which results into the accumulation of fats in the body. Since these foods have been linked to obesity, the success in the eradication of the disease greatly relies on the success in the elimination of these food products. To achieve this goal, the government has been engaging in promotional campaigns to sensitize the public and empower them to change their eating habits. When people change their behaviors, they can refrain from using such food products because they can make them vulnerable to obesity. However, apart from these behavior change promotional campaigns, the government has been liaising with its partners to regulate the production, supply, and consumption of the fast food products in the country (Sacks, et al., 2015). Such initiatives include the banning of fast food ads for the children, imposition of heavy taxation on the fast food products, lowering of the amount of sugar in the fast food products, and provision of incentives to the companies engaged in the manufacture of fresh food products such as fruits and vegetables. Indeed, this strategy has been effective in addressing the persistent problem of obesity in the country. It has created awareness on healthy eating habits and made the food companies to refrain from the production and supply of fast food products in the country (Smith, Gray, Fleming Parnell, 2014). Supporting Physical Activities in the Country The other intervention which has been so far adopted by the government is to encourage the Australians to engage in physical exercises. A large number of people have been contracting obesity because they do not engage in physical activities (Bray Popkin, 2014). As a responsible government, the Commonwealth government has been collaborating with the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), territory governments, and other interested stakeholders to support physical activity in the country. This has been implemented by adopting different kinds of strategies. First, the government has been engaging in the urban planning initiatives. Measures have been taken to advocate for the creation of recreational facilities within the urban areas. Preferential treatment has been given to the towns because the urban dwellers tend to have higher rates of physical inactivity as compared to the rural dwellers (Zhao, Vemuri Arya, 2016). Reason? In the urban centers, there are no enough recreational facilities like green parks, and sidewalks along the roads. At the same time, urban dwellers do not prefer to engage in physical exercises because of their lifestyle. Even the children do the same because they spend a lot of time watching the television and playing indoor video games. All these will be eradicated if the strategy is appropriately implemented. Secondly, the government has been supporting individuals to enroll in the gyms. These initiatives have greatly contributed towards the f ight against obesity in the country (Wen, Simpson, Rissel Baur, 2013). Each and every territory government has been coming up with ideas whose implementation has been enabling the people to engage in physical exercises. Supporting Childhood Obesity Initiatives The government has acknowledged that obesity is not uniformly distributed in the country. There are sections of the population which is at greater risk. For example, childhood obesity which has been established to be a major issue of concern has been addressed by helping the children to change their behaviors. The Australian children contract obesity because they are physically inactive and do engage in unhealthy eating habits. For example, the children prefer to eat the fast foods which are sugary (Waddingham, Stevens, Macintyre Shaw, 2015). In order to address the problem of physical inactivity amongst the children, the government has been supporting the Active After-School Community programs which are aimed at encouraging the children to get rid of obesity by engaging in physical activities. This strategy has been of great contribution in addressing the problem of childhood obesity (Feldman Vincent, 2005). Children have been sensitized to participate in physical activities and refrain from unhealthy lifestyles like spending the entire day in their houses while watching the television and playing video games. The program has been helpful because it has been creating awareness to the children to life a right lifestyle which can benefit them (Bhopal, et al., 2014). The other strategy which has been taken to address the problem of childhood obesity is the regulation of the fast food industry. The government has been achieving this goal by coming up with measures to ensure that the children do not get a free access to fast food products which is so unhealthy for them. Conclusion It is true that obesity is a major issue of concern both within and out of Australia. The prevalence of obesity in the country is higher than expected. This means that a large number of Australians have been leading unhealthy lifestyles which only put their life to risks of contracting the disease. Failure of the people to eat healthily and engage in physical activity has made them vulnerable to the disease. However, the disease can still be controlled if appropriate measures are taken. The measures so far taken by the government of Australia have been yielding lots of fruits. If it were not for the health promotional campaigns implemented, the prevalence of obesity would be higher than it currently is. Of all the cited intervention, the supporting of the physical activity is the best. The strategy is better than others because it focuses on improving the physical health of individual Australians. People should be encouraged to engage in physical activities because it can improve their health. When people exercise, they can burn excess calories and get rid of lifestyle diseases like obesity, diabetes and heart attack. Meaning, if the campaign succeeds in introducing the culture of physical fitness in the country, it will manage to provide a long-term solution to the persistent problem of lifestyle diseases. The strategy can be of great contribution if used in addressing the problem of childhood obesity. Programs like the Activity After-school should be supported because it can help in changing the lifestyle of the children by making them active members of the society. References Bhopal, R.S., et al., (2014). Effect of a lifestyle intervention on weight change in south Asian individuals in the UK at high risk of type 2 diabetes: a family-cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 2(3), pp.218-227. Bray, G. A., Popkin, B. M. (2014). Dietary sugar and body weight: Have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes? Diabetes care, 37(4), 950-956. Caplan, P. ed., (2013). Food, health and identity. Routledge: London. Di Cesare, M., et al., (2013). Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. The Lancet, 381(9866), 585-597. Feldman, S., Vincent, M. (2005). Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health. London: John Blake Publishing. Hankonen, et al., (2015). Which behavior change techniques are associated with changes in physical activity, diet and body mass index in people with recently diagnosed diabetes?. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(1), pp.7-17. Johnson, P., Kenny, P. (2010). "Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: Role for dopamine D2 receptors". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (5): 63541 Mytton, O. T., Clarke, D., Rayner, M. (2012). Taxing unhealthy food and drinks to improve health. BMJ, 344(7857), e2931. Razum, O. Steinberg, H., (2017). Diabetes in Ethnic Minorities and Immigrant Populations in Western Europe. In Diabetes Mellitus in Developing Countries and Underserved Communities (pp. 225-233). Springer International Publishing: London. Sacks, G., et al., (2015). Comparison of food industry policies and commitments on marketing to children and product (re) formulation in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. Critical Public Health, 25(3), 299-319. Smith, C., Gray, A. R., Fleming, E. A., Parnell, W. R. (2014). Characteristics of fast- food/takeaway-food and restaurant/cafe-food consumers among New Zealand adults.Public health nutrition, 17(10), 2368-2377. Waddingham, S., Stevens, S., Macintyre, K., Shaw, K. (2015). Most of them are junk food but we did put fruit on there and we have water What children can tell us about the food choices they make. Health Education, 115(2), 126-140. Wen, L. M., Simpson, J. M., Rissel, C., Baur, L. A. (2013). Maternal junk food diet during pregnancy as a predictor of high birthweight: Findings from the healthy beginnings trial. Birth, 40(1), 46-51. Zhao, Y., Vemuri, S. R., Arya, D. (2016). The economic benefits of eliminating Indigenous health inequality in the Northern Territory. Med J Aust, 205(6), 266-269.

Patterns Design Essays - Software Design Pattern,

Patterns Design Periodically, someone asks for examples of successful (or non-successful) uses of 'fill-in-the-blank' software engineering technology. In truth, this is a difficult, if not impossible, request to fulfill. Why? There are several reasons: - Small examples, which are easily understood, can be (and often are) handily dismissed as toy (as opposed to real) applications. - It is difficult to justify the cost of a large (significant) test case (e.g., [Aron, 1969] and [Baker and Mills, 1973]). When fill-in-the-blank software engineering technology is used on a real project, accurate and detailed records are seldom kept. Thus, the results are often anecdotal. Even if accurate and detailed records are kept, it may be difficult to make any meaningful comparisons, since there may be few, if any, statistics for other similar projects which did not use fill-in-the-blank technology. - The results of a large-scale use of fill-in-the-blank technology are seldom, if ever, all positive, or all negative. This allows different interpretations for the same information. [One of the major problems is that success (i.e., what must be specifically shown to declare the technology viable) is seldom defined before the project begins.] The all-too-regrettable, and all-too-frequent, language/technology jihads (holy wars) often result from different interpretations of the same information. - The example is for a particular application domain, e.g., real-time embedded systems. Those with differing domains (e.g., MIS) can assert that the example is irrelevant for their domains. - In the case of a technology which may be implemented using a number of different programming languages, the number of problems increases dramatically, e.g.: - Some will observe that the example uses a programming language which they do not, cannot, or will not use. Thus making the example worthless -- as far as they are concerned. Bibliography none